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A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind By Jean-Jacques Rousseau (XVIIIth Century French Philosopher)
Jean Jacques Rousseau (Geneva, June 28, 1712 – Ermenonville, July 2, 1778) was a major French philosopher, writer, and composer of the Enlightenment,
whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of liberal, conservative, and socialist theory. With his Confessions,
Reveries of a Solitary Walker, and other writings, he invented modern autobiography and encouraged a new focus on the building of subjectivity that bore
fruit in the work of thinkers as diverse as Hegel and Freud. His novel Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse was one of the best-selling fictional works of the
eighteenth century and of great importance to the development of romanticism.
This book is based on scientific facts and theories which, woven into a philosophy using Einstein's quote that "Imagination is more important than knowledge", shows how science and religion will be united -
and how every aspect of the world can be radically transformed forever.This book is based on scientific facts and theories which, woven into a philosophy using Einstein's quote that "Imagination is more
important than knowledge", shows how science and religion will be united - and how every aspect of the world can be radically transformed forever.
I´d like to suggest that Charles Darwin´s evolution has far greater consequences than either he or any scientist has realized. I believe the theory is not limited to biology, but is
absolutely fundamental to the very existence of our universe and everything in it i.e. to cosmology, space-time, physics, mathematics, etc. etc. I wrote these paragraphs after
recently reading the comment that dogs can hear x-rays (by the veterinarian Dr. Rachele Lowe), in an attempt to explain how Darwin´s ideas are so far-reaching. In a vital way,
they even go beyond Albert Einstein´s ideas since these paragraphs conclude that a "mutation factor" (also referred to as a "randomness factor") is fundamental to the
universe. In other words, Einstein was wrong when he said "God does not play dice with the universe" (he believed there could be no randomness, or mutation, in the fabric of space-time).
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) By George Berkeley (XVIIIth Century British Philosopher)
George Berkeley (12 March 1685 – 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne), was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called
"immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others). This theory contends that individuals can only know directly sensations and ideas of objects, not abstractions such as "matter".
The theory also contends that ideas are dependent upon being perceived by minds for their very existence, a belief that became immortalized in the dictum, "esse est percipi" ("to be is to be perceived").
His most widely-read works are A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) and Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (1713), in which the characters Philonous and Hylas represent
Berkeley himself and his older contemporary John Locke. In 1734, he published The Analyst, a critique of the foundations of infinitesimal calculus, which was influential in the development of mathematics.
Philosophy being nothing else but THE STUDY OF WISDOM AND TRUTH, it may with reason be expected that those who have spent most time and pains in it should enjoy a greater
calm and serenity of mind, a greater clearness and evidence of knowledge, and be less disturbed with doubts and difficulties than other men. Yet so it is, we see the illiterate bulk of
mankind that walk the high-road of plain common sense, and are governed by the dictates of nature, for the most part easy and undisturbed. To them nothing THAT IS FAMILIAR appears unaccountable or difficult to comprehend.
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739) By David Hume (XVIIIth Century British Philosopher)
Being an Attempt to introduce the experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects
David Hume (26 April 1711 – 25 August 1776)[1], Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian is an important figure in Western philosophy,
and in the history of the Scottish Enlightenment. Together with John Locke, Berkeley, and a handful of others, Hume is one of the principal
early philosophers of empiricism.
Hume begins by arguing for the validity of empiricism, the premise that all of our knowledge is based on our experiences, and using this method to examine several philosophical concepts. First,
he demonstrates that all of our complex ideas are formed out of simpler ideas, which were themselves formed on the basis of impressions we received through our senses. Therefore, ideas are not
fundamentally different from experiences. Second, Hume defines “matters of fact” as matters that must be experienced, not reasoned out or arrived at instinctually. Based on these two claims,
Hume attacks metaphysical systems used to prove the existence of God, the soul, divine creation, and other such ideas. Since we have no experience of any of these things and cannot receive a direct
impression of them, we have no real reason to believe that they are true.
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding By David Hume (XVIIIth Century British Philosopher)
The book is the simplification of Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature, the origin of the ideas, of the association of the ideas, of probability, connectivity, liberty, necessity, and of miracles.
Every one will readily allow, that there is a considerable difference between the perceptions of the mind, when a man feels the pain of excessive heat, or the pleasure of
moderate warmth, and when he afterwards recalls to his memory this sensation, or anticipates it by his imagination. These faculties may mimic or copy the perceptions of
the senses; but they never can entirely reach the force and vivacity of the original sentiment. The utmost we say of them, even when they operate with greatest vigour, is,
that they represent their object in so lively a manner, that we could almost say we feel or see it: But, except the mind be disordered by disease or madness, they never can arrive at
such a pitch of vivacity, as to render these perceptions altogether undistinguishable. All the colours of poetry, however splendid, can never paint natural objects in such a manner
as to make the description be taken for a real landskip. The most lively thought is still inferior to the dullest sensation.
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals By David Hume (XVIIIth Century British Philosopher)
THIS AN EXE FILE
Most of the principles, and reasonings, contained in this volume, were published in a work in three volumes, called A TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE:
A work which the Author had projected before he left College, and which he wrote and published not long after. But not finding it successful, he was sensible of his error in going to the press too early, and he cast the whole
anew in the following pieces, where some negligences in his former reasoning and more in the expression, are, he hopes, corrected. Yet several writers who
have honoured the Author's Philosophy with answers, have taken care to direct all their batteries against that juvenile work, which the author never acknowledged,
and have affected to triumph in any advantages, which, they imagined, they had obtained over it: A practice very contrary to all rules of candour and fair-dealing,
and a strong instance of those polemical artifices which a bigotted zeal thinks itself authorized to employ. Henceforth, the Author desires, that the following
Pieces may alone be regarded as containing his philosophical sentiments and principles.
J.S. Mill is presenting the Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte.
Auguste Comte (full name: Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte; 17 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French thinker who published four volumes
of Système de politique positive (1851 - 1854).
Beyond Good and Evil (1886) by Friedrich Nietzsche
German: Jenseits von Gut und Böse, subtitled "Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future".
It takes up and expands on the ideas of his previous work, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, but approached from a more critical, polemical direction.
In Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche attacks past philosophers for their alleged lack of critical sense and their blind acceptance of Christian premises in their consideration of morality.
The work moves into the realm "beyond good and evil" in the sense of leaving behind the traditional morality which Nietzsche subjects to a destructive critique in favour of what he regards as an affirmative
approach that fearlessly confronts the perspectival nature of knowledge and the perilous condition of the modern individual.
Nineteenth-century Europe was for Nietzsche a moral wasteland filled with false altruism, duplicity, double standards, and, worst of all,
moral complacency. He spoke of innermost thoughts: morality serves the social good, which for him meant fostering the best possible society--
one that strives for excellence and abhors the herd mentality.
Thomas Paine (January 29, 1737 – June 8, 1809) was an English pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, inventor, and intellectual.
He lived and worked in Britain until age 37, when he emigrated to the British American colonies, in time to participate in the American Revolution.
His principal contribution was the powerful, widely-read pamphlet Common Sense (1776), advocating colonial America's independence from the Kingdom of
Great Britain, and of The American Crisis (1776–1783), a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series.
Later, he greatly influenced the French Revolution. He wrote the Rights of Man (1791), a guide to Enlightenment ideas. Despite not speaking French,
he was elected to the French National Convention in 1792. The Girondists regarded him an ally, so, the Montagnards, especially Robespierre,
regarded him an enemy. In December of 1793, he was arrested and imprisoned in Paris, then released in 1794. He became notorious because of The Age of Reason (
1793–94), the book advocating deism and arguing against Christian doctrines. In France, he also wrote the pamphlet Agrarian Justice (1795), discussing the
origins of property, and introduced the concept of a guaranteed minimum income.
Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous by George Berkeley
First published in 1713, this work was designed as a vivid and persuasive presentation of the remarkable picture of reality.
His central claim was that the world is not material but mental. He uses this thesis as the ground for a new argument for the existence of God,
and the dialogue form enables him to raise and respond to many of the natural objections to his position.
Falsehood: An Analysis of Illusion’s Singularity by Marc Burock (2009)
It is a common tactic, going back to the beginnings of religion and philosophy, to presume that we are enveloped in a world of untruth and illusion, thereby fueling our movement toward truth.
In more modern times, Descartes demonstrates this process clearly with his Meditations. This work extends the Cartesian skeptical position by challenging the concept of illusion itself, asking
those who have ever called something ‘an illusion’ to question the meaning of these assertions. This broader skepticism partially annihilates itself without completely collapsing under the weight
of self-contradiction.
Our conclusion occurred before the arguments that support it, and in this respect, our arguments are horribly biased at the onset. Although written by a single individual, they are our
arguments because the arguments in this work are as old as philosophy. None of them are new, and many students of philosophy will recognize the originating sources, at times perhaps hearing
the voices of those authors. Despite a lack of original argumentation, we have put these arguments to new use.
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